Source code for colour.algebra.geometry

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Geometry
========

Defines objects related to geometrical computations:

-   :func:`colour.algebra.normalise_vector`
-   :func:`colour.algebra.euclidean_distance`
-   :func:`colour.algebra.extend_line_segment`
-   :func:`colour.algebra.intersect_line_segments`
-   :func:`colour.algebra.ellipse_coefficients_general_form`
-   :func:`colour.algebra.ellipse_coefficients_canonical_form`
-   :func:`colour.algebra.point_at_angle_on_ellipse`
-   :func:`colour.algebra.ellipse_fitting_Halir1998`

References
----------
-   :cite:`Bourkea` : Bourke, P. (n.d.). Intersection point of two line
    segments in 2 dimensions. Retrieved January 15, 2016, from
    http://paulbourke.net/geometry/pointlineplane/
-   :cite:`Erdema` : Erdem, U. M. (n.d.). Fast Line Segment Intersection.
    Retrieved January 15, 2016, from http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/\
fileexchange/27205-fast-line-segment-intersection
-   :cite:`Halir1998` : Halir, R., & Flusser, J. (1998). Numerically Stable
    Direct Least Squares Fitting Of Ellipses, 1-8. doi:10.1.1.1.7559
-   :cite:`Saeedna` : Saeedn. (n.d.). Extend a line segment a specific
    distance. Retrieved January 16, 2016, from http://stackoverflow.com/\
questions/7740507/extend-a-line-segment-a-specific-distance
-   :cite:`Wikipedia` : Wikipedia. (n.d.). Ellipse. Retrieved November 24,
    2018, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipse
"""

from __future__ import division, unicode_literals

import numpy as np
from collections import namedtuple

from colour.utilities import (CaseInsensitiveMapping, as_float_array, tsplit,
                              tstack)

__author__ = 'Colour Developers'
__copyright__ = 'Copyright (C) 2013-2019 - Colour Developers'
__license__ = 'New BSD License - http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause'
__maintainer__ = 'Colour Developers'
__email__ = 'colour-science@googlegroups.com'
__status__ = 'Production'

__all__ = [
    'normalise_vector', 'euclidean_distance', 'extend_line_segment',
    'LineSegmentsIntersections_Specification', 'intersect_line_segments',
    'ellipse_coefficients_general_form', 'ellipse_coefficients_canonical_form',
    'point_at_angle_on_ellipse', 'ellipse_fitting_Halir1998',
    'ELLIPSE_FITTING_METHODS', 'ellipse_fitting'
]


[docs]def normalise_vector(a): """ Normalises given vector :math:`a`. Parameters ---------- a : array_like Vector :math:`a` to normalise. Returns ------- ndarray Normalised vector :math:`a`. Examples -------- >>> a = np.array([0.20654008, 0.12197225, 0.05136952]) >>> normalise_vector(a) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS array([ 0.8419703..., 0.4972256..., 0.2094102...]) """ return a / np.linalg.norm(a)
[docs]def euclidean_distance(a, b): """ Returns the euclidean distance between point arrays :math:`a` and :math:`b`. Parameters ---------- a : array_like Point array :math:`a`. b : array_like Point array :math:`b`. Returns ------- numeric or ndarray Euclidean distance. Examples -------- >>> a = np.array([100.00000000, 21.57210357, 272.22819350]) >>> b = np.array([100.00000000, 426.67945353, 72.39590835]) >>> euclidean_distance(a, b) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS 451.7133019... """ return np.linalg.norm(as_float_array(a) - as_float_array(b), axis=-1)
[docs]def extend_line_segment(a, b, distance=1): """ Extends the line segment defined by point arrays :math:`a` and :math:`b` by given distance and return the new end point. Parameters ---------- a : array_like Point array :math:`a`. b : array_like Point array :math:`b`. distance : numeric, optional Distance to extend the line segment. Returns ------- ndarray New end point. References ---------- :cite:`Saeedna` Notes ----- - Input line segment points coordinates are 2d coordinates. Examples -------- >>> a = np.array([0.95694934, 0.13720932]) >>> b = np.array([0.28382835, 0.60608318]) >>> extend_line_segment(a, b) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS array([-0.5367248..., 1.1776534...]) """ x_a, y_a = tsplit(a) x_b, y_b = tsplit(b) d = euclidean_distance(a, b) x_c = x_b + (x_b - x_a) / d * distance y_c = y_b + (y_b - y_a) / d * distance xy_c = tstack([x_c, y_c]) return xy_c
[docs]class LineSegmentsIntersections_Specification( namedtuple('LineSegmentsIntersections_Specification', ('xy', 'intersect', 'parallel', 'coincident'))): """ Defines the specification for intersection of line segments :math:`l_1` and :math:`l_2` returned by :func:`colour.algebra.intersect_line_segments` definition. Parameters ---------- xy : array_like Array of :math:`l_1` and :math:`l_2` line segments intersections coordinates. Non existing segments intersections coordinates are set with `np.nan`. intersect : array_like Array of *bool* indicating if line segments :math:`l_1` and :math:`l_2` intersect. parallel : array_like Array of *bool* indicating if line segments :math:`l_1` and :math:`l_2` are parallel. coincident : array_like Array of *bool* indicating if line segments :math:`l_1` and :math:`l_2` are coincident. """
[docs]def intersect_line_segments(l_1, l_2): """ Computes :math:`l_1` line segments intersections with :math:`l_2` line segments. Parameters ---------- l_1 : array_like :math:`l_1` line segments array, each row is a line segment such as (:math:`x_1`, :math:`y_1`, :math:`x_2`, :math:`y_2`) where (:math:`x_1`, :math:`y_1`) and (:math:`x_2`, :math:`y_2`) are respectively the start and end points of :math:`l_1` line segments. l_2 : array_like :math:`l_2` line segments array, each row is a line segment such as (:math:`x_3`, :math:`y_3`, :math:`x_4`, :math:`y_4`) where (:math:`x_3`, :math:`y_3`) and (:math:`x_4`, :math:`y_4`) are respectively the start and end points of :math:`l_2` line segments. Returns ------- LineSegmentsIntersections_Specification Line segments intersections specification. References ---------- :cite:`Bourkea`, :cite:`Erdema` Notes ----- - Input line segments points coordinates are 2d coordinates. Examples -------- >>> l_1 = np.array( ... [[[0.15416284, 0.7400497], ... [0.26331502, 0.53373939]], ... [[0.01457496, 0.91874701], ... [0.90071485, 0.03342143]]] ... ) >>> l_2 = np.array( ... [[[0.95694934, 0.13720932], ... [0.28382835, 0.60608318]], ... [[0.94422514, 0.85273554], ... [0.00225923, 0.52122603]], ... [[0.55203763, 0.48537741], ... [0.76813415, 0.16071675]]] ... ) >>> s = intersect_line_segments(l_1, l_2) >>> s.xy # doctest: +ELLIPSIS array([[[ nan, nan], [ 0.2279184..., 0.6006430...], [ nan, nan]], <BLANKLINE> [[ 0.4281451..., 0.5055568...], [ 0.3056055..., 0.6279838...], [ 0.7578749..., 0.1761301...]]]) >>> s.intersect array([[False, True, False], [ True, True, True]], dtype=bool) >>> s.parallel array([[False, False, False], [False, False, False]], dtype=bool) >>> s.coincident array([[False, False, False], [False, False, False]], dtype=bool) """ l_1 = np.reshape(l_1, (-1, 4)) l_2 = np.reshape(l_2, (-1, 4)) r_1, c_1 = l_1.shape[0], l_1.shape[1] r_2, c_2 = l_2.shape[0], l_2.shape[1] x_1, y_1, x_2, y_2 = [ np.tile(l_1[:, i, np.newaxis], (1, r_2)) for i in range(c_1) ] l_2 = np.transpose(l_2) x_3, y_3, x_4, y_4 = [np.tile(l_2[i, :], (r_1, 1)) for i in range(c_2)] x_4_x_3 = x_4 - x_3 y_1_y_3 = y_1 - y_3 y_4_y_3 = y_4 - y_3 x_1_x_3 = x_1 - x_3 x_2_x_1 = x_2 - x_1 y_2_y_1 = y_2 - y_1 numerator_a = x_4_x_3 * y_1_y_3 - y_4_y_3 * x_1_x_3 numerator_b = x_2_x_1 * y_1_y_3 - y_2_y_1 * x_1_x_3 denominator = y_4_y_3 * x_2_x_1 - x_4_x_3 * y_2_y_1 u_a = numerator_a / denominator u_b = numerator_b / denominator intersect = np.logical_and.reduce((u_a >= 0, u_a <= 1, u_b >= 0, u_b <= 1)) xy = tstack([x_1 + x_2_x_1 * u_a, y_1 + y_2_y_1 * u_a]) xy[~intersect] = np.nan parallel = denominator == 0 coincident = np.logical_and.reduce((numerator_a == 0, numerator_b == 0, parallel)) return LineSegmentsIntersections_Specification(xy, intersect, parallel, coincident)
[docs]def ellipse_coefficients_general_form(coefficients): """ Returns the general form ellipse coefficients from given canonical form ellipse coefficients. The canonical form ellipse coefficients are as follows: the center coordinates :math:`x_c` and :math:`y_c`, semi-major axis length :math:`a_a`, semi-minor axis length :math:`a_b` and rotation angle :math:`\\theta` in degrees of its semi-major axis :math:`a_a`. Parameters ---------- coefficients : array_like Canonical form ellipse coefficients. Returns ------- ndarray General form ellipse coefficients. References ---------- :cite:`Wikipedia` Examples -------- >>> coefficients = np.array([0.5, 0.5, 2, 1, 45]) >>> ellipse_coefficients_general_form(coefficients) array([ 2.5, -3. , 2.5, -1. , -1. , -3.5]) """ x_c, y_c, a_a, a_b, theta = tsplit(coefficients) theta = np.radians(theta) cos_theta = np.cos(theta) sin_theta = np.sin(theta) cos_theta_2 = cos_theta ** 2 sin_theta_2 = sin_theta ** 2 a_a_2 = a_a ** 2 a_b_2 = a_b ** 2 a = a_a_2 * sin_theta_2 + a_b_2 * cos_theta_2 b = 2 * (a_b_2 - a_a_2) * sin_theta * cos_theta c = a_a_2 * cos_theta_2 + a_b_2 * sin_theta_2 d = -2 * a * x_c - b * y_c e = -b * x_c - 2 * c * y_c f = a * x_c ** 2 + b * x_c * y_c + c * y_c ** 2 - a_a_2 * a_b_2 return np.array([a, b, c, d, e, f])
[docs]def ellipse_coefficients_canonical_form(coefficients): """ Returns the canonical form ellipse coefficients from given general form ellipse coefficients. The general form ellipse coefficients are the coefficients of the implicit second-order polynomial/quadratic curve expressed as follows: :math:`F\\left(x, y\\right)` = ax^2 + bxy + cy^2 + dx + ey + f = 0` with an ellipse-specific constraint such as :math:`b^2 -4ac < 0` and where :math:`a, b, c, d, e, f` are coefficients of the ellipse and :math:`F\\left(x, y\\right)` are coordinates of points lying on it. Parameters ---------- coefficients : array_like General form ellipse coefficients. Returns ------- ndarray Canonical form ellipse coefficients. References ---------- :cite:`Wikipedia` Examples -------- >>> coefficients = np.array([ 2.5, -3.0, 2.5, -1.0, -1.0, -3.5]) >>> ellipse_coefficients_canonical_form(coefficients) array([ 0.5, 0.5, 2. , 1. , 45. ]) """ a, b, c, d, e, f = tsplit(coefficients) d_1 = b ** 2 - 4 * a * c n_p_1 = 2 * (a * e ** 2 + c * d ** 2 - b * d * e + d_1 * f) n_p_2 = np.sqrt((a - c) ** 2 + b ** 2) a_a = -np.sqrt(n_p_1 * (a + c + n_p_2)) / d_1 a_b = -np.sqrt(n_p_1 * (a + c - n_p_2)) / d_1 x_c = (2 * c * d - b * e) / d_1 y_c = (2 * a * e - b * d) / d_1 theta = np.select( [ np.logical_and(b == 0, a < c), np.logical_and(b == 0, a > c), b != 0, ], [ 0, 90, np.degrees(np.arctan((c - a - n_p_2) / b)), ], ) return np.array([x_c, y_c, a_a, a_b, theta])
[docs]def point_at_angle_on_ellipse(phi, coefficients): """ Returns the coordinates of the point at angle :math:`\\phi` in degrees on the ellipse with given canonical form coefficients. Parameters ---------- phi : array_like Point at angle :math:`\\phi` in degrees to retrieve the coordinates of. coefficients : array_like General form ellipse coefficients as follows: the center coordinates :math:`x_c` and :math:`y_c`, semi-major axis length :math:`a_a`, semi-minor axis length :math:`a_b` and rotation angle :math:`\\theta` in degrees of its semi-major axis :math:`a_a`. Returns ------- ndarray Coordinates of the point at angle :math:`\\phi` Examples -------- >>> coefficients = np.array([0.5, 0.5, 2, 1, 45]) >>> point_at_angle_on_ellipse(45, coefficients) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS array([ 1., 2.]) """ phi = np.radians(phi) x_c, y_c, a_a, a_b, theta = tsplit(coefficients) theta = np.radians(theta) cos_phi = np.cos(phi) sin_phi = np.sin(phi) cos_theta = np.cos(theta) sin_theta = np.sin(theta) x = x_c + a_a * cos_theta * cos_phi - a_b * sin_theta * sin_phi y = y_c + a_a * sin_theta * cos_phi + a_b * cos_theta * sin_phi return tstack([x, y])
[docs]def ellipse_fitting_Halir1998(a): """ Returns the coefficients of the implicit second-order polynomial/quadratic curve that fits given point array :math:`a` using *Halir and Flusser (1998)* method. The implicit second-order polynomial is expressed as follows:: :math:`F\\left(x, y\\right)` = ax^2 + bxy + cy^2 + dx + ey + f = 0` with an ellipse-specific constraint such as :math:`b^2 -4ac < 0` and where :math:`a, b, c, d, e, f` are coefficients of the ellipse and :math:`F\\left(x, y\\right)` are coordinates of points lying on it. Parameters ---------- a : array_like Point array :math:`a` to be fitted. Returns ------- ndarray Coefficients of the implicit second-order polynomial/quadratic curve that fits given point array :math:`a`. References ---------- :cite:`Halir1998` Examples -------- >>> a = np.array([[2, 0], [0, 1], [-2, 0], [0, -1]]) >>> ellipse_fitting_Halir1998(a) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS array([ 0.2425356..., 0. , 0.9701425..., 0. , 0. , -0.9701425...]) >>> ellipse_coefficients_canonical_form(ellipse_fitting_Halir1998(a)) array([-0., -0., 2., 1., 0.]) """ x, y = tsplit(a) # Quadratic part of the design matrix. D1 = tstack([x ** 2, x * y, y ** 2]) # Linear part of the design matrix. D2 = tstack([x, y, np.ones(x.shape)]) D1_T = np.transpose(D1) D2_T = np.transpose(D2) # Quadratic part of the scatter matrix. S1 = np.dot(D1_T, D1) # Combined part of the scatter matrix. S2 = np.dot(D1_T, D2) # Linear part of the scatter matrix. S3 = np.dot(D2_T, D2) T = -np.dot(np.linalg.inv(S3), np.transpose(S2)) # Reduced scatter matrix. M = S1 + np.dot(S2, T) M = np.array([M[2, :] / 2, -M[1, :], M[0, :] / 2]) _w, v = np.linalg.eig(M) A1 = v[:, np.nonzero(4 * v[0, :] * v[2, :] - v[1, :] ** 2 > 0)[0]] A2 = np.dot(T, A1) A = np.ravel([A1, A2]) return A
ELLIPSE_FITTING_METHODS = CaseInsensitiveMapping({ 'Halir 1998': ellipse_fitting_Halir1998 }) ELLIPSE_FITTING_METHODS.__doc__ = """ Supported ellipse fitting methods. References ---------- :cite:`Halir1998` ELLIPSE_FITTING_METHODS : CaseInsensitiveMapping **{'Halir 1998'}** """
[docs]def ellipse_fitting(a, method='Halir 1998'): """ Returns the coefficients of the implicit second-order polynomial/quadratic curve that fits given point array :math:`a` using given method. The implicit second-order polynomial is expressed as follows:: :math:`F\\left(x, y\\right)` = ax^2 + bxy + cy^2 + dx + ey + f = 0` with an ellipse-specific constraint such as :math:`b^2 -4ac < 0` and where :math:`a, b, c, d, e, f` are coefficients of the ellipse and :math:`F\\left(x, y\\right)` are coordinates of points lying on it. Parameters ---------- a : array_like Point array :math:`a` to be fitted. method : unicode, optional **{'Halir 1998'}**, Computation method. Returns ------- ndarray Coefficients of the implicit second-order polynomial/quadratic curve that fits given point array :math:`a`. References ---------- :cite:`Halir1998` Examples -------- >>> a = np.array([[2, 0], [0, 1], [-2, 0], [0, -1]]) >>> ellipse_fitting(a) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS array([ 0.2425356..., 0. , 0.9701425..., 0. , 0. , -0.9701425...]) >>> ellipse_coefficients_canonical_form(ellipse_fitting(a)) array([-0., -0., 2., 1., 0.]) """ function = ELLIPSE_FITTING_METHODS[method] return function(a)